introduction
NKFP
»Lights and shadows – Risk factors, prevention needs and possibilities« project no. NKFP 1B/0001/2002
I. Presentation of results
Aims, commitments and results according to part-tasks.
Subtask 1
Budapest longitudinal study;
Participant in implementation: Hungarian Acadamy of Sciences, Institute for Psychology
Goals – expected results
Strategic objectives: affecting family, school and peer socialization premises of youth maladaptive behaviour to advance to more effective adaptation.
Mid-term results: identifying helper and obstructive (protective and risk) factors of adaptation in longitudinal study taken in the generation aged between 0 – 18.
Products: filter-indicative prevention methodological package in case intervention is needed
Professional content – Activities
In the frame of this study we wished to use the exceptional possibility that we have a reliable and for most of the development indicators blanket database with more than 400 youth walks of life followed up for 20 years. In the terminal phase of the study we wished to attempt to describe and identify the reasons instead of usual correlation analysis. We expected that we will be able to define revealed correlations as causality relations. Through next phase of the study we analysed the following subjects:
• set of family circumstances
• set and relation of intellectual status and academic efficiency, school impact
• problems in their social relations and beginning of their independent life, chosen solution methods
• forms of deviant behaviour in analysed population's walk of life.
Main results:
While carrying out the project, also review, re-categorization and cleaning of data from previous Budapest Longitudinal Study and mapping of sample availability have been implemented. Toolkit planned to use in the next studies has been formed, workmates making interviews have been trained and toolkit was also tested during test interviews. During project activities 86% of original sample was reached, individuals and families were fully interviewed. Study results were published in book version.
Subtask 2
Developing research and prevention services among youth visitors of shopping centres
2.1. Exploration of young visitors' lifestyle, drug use habits and other addictions with qualitative and quantitative techniques;
2.2. Consulting centre – developing, testing, impact and efficiency study of prevention services;
Participants in implementation:
Goals – expected results
Strategic objectives: reduction of social risk factors of young shopping mall visitors, specially endangered population
Developing complex (health promotion-mental hygiene-lifestyle) prevention services, which reflect the manifest or hidden claims of visitor population.
Mid-term results: Operational knowledge about prevention needs of shopping mall visitor population aged between 14-30.
Forming institutional model of service, test operation of services at designated model settings, conducting outcome and process evaluation.
Products: Research protocols and studies, operational protocols, trained service providers, training protocols, training materials, evaluation, monitoring protocols, leaflets in the service, information packages
Professional content – Activities
Researches:
Shopping malls are more and more taking original functions away from traditional meeting points and cultural centres. Builders and architects are also claiming that these are places for a new type of togetherness. In the meantime we know from other researches that these very practical buildings are becoming manifestation of a special lifestyle and philosophy.
This time we were interested about young people's needs and claims, what type of persons are they, who are spending their leisure time in shopping malls. We did not have exact data about their drug use habits, but we were presuming that drug use is significant among them.
With using different research methods we were looking for answers for the following questions: How do young shopping mall visitors' socio-demography content, lifestyle, health behaviour and drug use habit look like?
Product development
Shopping malls are varicoloured and diverse and - we suppose - attract variant audience. This differentiation is most likely valid also for the different young groups. There are young people pointlessly hanging out also in that malls where there are not entertainment facilities (cinema, restaurant, gaming-room). We assumed that we will have a good picture about shopping mall attracted people, who are arriving to the malls by recreational intentions, about appeal of different malls in different places and their special meaning in local level. We also expected that we will know what type of psychological, counselling and prevention services are needed for young people hanging out there. Data above we can handle as database of needs assessment. After reviewing international experiences we created the operational model of lifestyle consulting centres working in malls. As a pilot project youth centres started working in some typical places ( Budapest and major cities). At the end of first year long attempt we made impact study. This study was very comprehensive: we were measuring professional impacts and made budget impact analysis. As a result studying-analyzing protocols were made to be able to measure impacts also in other settings in the future.
As the quantitative and qualitative research on shopping mall visitor young people's lifestyle and drug use habit have been finished, we started to create the methodological and external look of counselling centres and a pilot project. Quantitative research contained methods according to international standards. Main result of the research was that life prevalence data showed more significant illicit drug use among young people visiting big shopping malls often than among their peers not visiting shopping malls at all or visiting it very rarely. Results pointed out also that which malls are the most visited by young people with high level of drug use. So quantitative research showed on which shopping malls qualitative research has to focus more. Qualitative research had more steps. Environmental-psychological analysis was also part of the study, it helped to reveal psychological meaning of shopping malls' architectural solutions. After that shopping mall visitor young people were interviewed by semi-structured interviews, which were focusing on service contents but also asking them about lifestyle, time spending habits and shopping malls' special role in their life.
However, developing youth centres interfered some unexpected difficulties. Shopping mall managements started to be more and more unwilling to allow these centres in their building, which can be explained by very unfavourable perception about drug users in the society. For shopping malls dealing with drug related questions means bad message. Although they know about their role, mission in the society and that they are taking functions away from culture houses, they do not understand that popularity and presence of many young people are making problems more varied. It is clear from the summary that exploitation of youth centres but also emerging lifestyle problems are much higher than we expected by the quantitative or qualitative researches. Implementing this part-task we analysed operational budget and made recommendations on institutional conditions for future working.
Subtask 3
Research and prevention services for the marginalized strata of youth groups
3.1 Unfolding the scenes (habitat) of disadvantaged young people with unfavourable financial circumstances, including their sociological and anthropological investigation, and the exploration of prevention needs;
3.2 Developing an intervention strategy for the suspected scenes: among young people in, or leaving state custody, entrants registered as unemployed, applicants in employment retraining centres, students in workers' school, residents of casual ward;
Participants in implementation:
• National Institute for Drug Prevention
• Institute for Psychology (Hungarian Academy of Sciences).
Goals - expected results
Strategic objectives: the reduction of the incidence of maladaptive behaviour (including drug use) in the above risk group, the prominence of adaptive behaviours; education of experts in this special field, establishing independent professions, setting specifications
Medium-term results: exploring correlations (database) to identify problematic behaviours and their underlying psychological and sociological components;
expansion of the scope of people in training, establishment of new services, development of new forms of professional cooperation among the existing services.
Products: prevention / intervention methodology, protocols, technical reports, methodological materials, guidelines, protocols.
Professional content, activities
Disadvantaged young people with unfavourable financial circumstances mean a serious problem for policy makers not only in Hungary but in the European Union as well. This group is often neglected politically due to its special circumstances. It is well known, that these young people form a very heterogeneous group, and very different reasons lie behind that eventually cause them to drift to the "edge" of the society. As a result, most of them see their own future hopeless and without any perspective. Precisely, the complexity of the causes and the seriousness of the problem call our attention to the fact that any step taken towards them draws various political, social and health-related consequences. Working with this group can be also problematic from the viewpoint of health promotion: it is well-known that it is hard to reach these young people with the conventional educational methods, and this is precisely why it is usually difficult to reach them even with the traditional health-related information and health promotion messages. The biggest problem is however, that this group is the most vulnerable and the most exposed to various illnesses and to problematic adaptation forms. It is clear from foreign studies that the various risk factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, illegal drug use, unwanted pregnancy), which affect the well-being of these young people and through this their future the most, come about in a greater number among them, as opposed to their peers of similar age but with a more balanced background. Professionals in Western countries, trying to approach these vulnerable young people, have lined up a variety of health promotion methods and alternatives. It seemed that the most successful initiatives, in addition to the ones discussing specific health-related lifestyle issues, were the ones which at the same time took account of and dealt with the major economic and social conditions that lie behind the various risk conducts.
In Hungary, despite the growing supply of prevention, a program that would offer strategies to solve the problems of unordinary actualities is still missing. This is partly due to how prevention is regarded, since it presumably offers solutions to the ones who do not have to struggle with serious problems, thus they are able to avoid such behavioural conducts that would ruin or mean a threat to health. Second, it results from the fact that the disadvantaged groups of young people do not constitute a homogeneous group.
Other than the traditional prevention programs, other things are needed to those who are in trouble already, such as special skills to problem solving and techniques to develop their capabilities.
These groups are not only difficult to reach and do not only represent a population with special needs with regard to intervention strategies, but they are also reported to be a risk group of high drugs usage.
Such as - (Under these, the following can be considered):
• the group of those in need of state custody, who have no family or cannot count on their families. Even though they have an "institutionalized" custodian nurse, such a person however is not able to give them, even with the greatest good intent, such a feeling of security as would be needed and what would be natural in a good family. High school students living in state care are exposed to drug usage two and a half times more often as their peers not living there. Close to this number (40%) is the level of drug usage life prevalence among young people whose parents do not take part in their bringing up.
• applicants in employment retraining centres, who go through failures during their prior career orientation (since they either have a learnt profession in which they are unable to get employed or they are uneducated and for this reasons they get crowded out of the job market).
• the ones going to workers' school also form a risk group, who presumably did not stay out of full time education / training of their own free will, but also because they have missed every opportunity in conventional training systems, for social or financial reasons, or because the schooling system could not cope with their learning problems. Several domestic drug epidemiological researches indicate this. The growth of risk rate was estimated to be around 30% according to a study of 1999 among school drop-outs (the life prevalence value of forbidden or legal drugs usage), in other words the total rate of drugs usage among drop-outs is by one-third higher than it is within the population of the same age but who attend school. This very part of the population can be reached at special training sites, such as workers' school.
Additionally, the group of residents in casual ward s, and those homeless who are not willing or able to go to casual ward. About the drug usage of homeless, there are no exact figures available, however the incidents of other behaviours related to addicts and drug users, by all means refer homeless people to the risk groups. According to a study made in 1995, including about 3,000 homeless people being homeless means an additional threat both with regard to the excessive drinking habits and regular smoking. Based on the research, 55% of the polled people consume alcohol daily, and 74% of them have been smoking for more than 10 years. The research established a correlation between being homeless for long-time and the incidence of addictive drug usage practices.
To be able to identify additional risk groups in the first stage, the existing drug epidemiological and addictive substance usage databases necessitate further, targeted secondary analysis and meta analysis. Thereafter, the specified risk groups identified on the basis of these systematic investigations under the proposed studies, with the combined use of different investigating methods the following questions are to be answered:
Under the context of the research the following questions are to be answered:
• How can the “career” of the young people occurring at the above described scenes be described? – in particular with regard to turning points experienced by them in which they could have still chosen a better alternative. (basic quantitative research)
• What experiences, psychological needs, or connection network do they have? (basic qualitative research applying psychological methods)
The proposed research raises numerous methodological problems. The traditional scene-approach is difficult to apply, given that these youth groups are less linked to a certain institution, in many cases they are not found in any official record. It is reasonable to expect that many of them should be searched up individually, furthermore their otherwise hardly guaranteed willingness to cooperate must be taken care of.
Interventions:
As a result of the research listed in the previous points, an overview will be provided of where the groups of young people are recruited from who miss out on the "traditional" prevention programs, what typical life turning points occur during their socialization, during which if they had been earlier exposed to the appropriate environment (prevention, family socialization) the appropriate skills could have been acquired, then they could opt to for a more positive alternative and thus they could have avoided drifting to the periphery.
It will also become observable what psychological, lifestyle consultancy, and preventive services these young people of different circles would need. From the perspective of intervention strategy, the above data can be handled as the initial assessment for managing the database.
After reviewing the national and international experiences, a complex institutional and operational modelling approach will be developed, which can guide those who have so far been also taking huge efforts, however occasionally in isolation from each other and under various structures of approach, but who have been trying to give a helping support to the "laggards" or "possible-laggards".
Results:
The research has been carried out by using qualitative research methods both on the side of "laggards", as well as on the side of helpers. The research covered the following groups:
• Young people under state custody
• Young people leaving penal institutions
• Young people laggards attempting to assert themselves in the illegal labour market
• Homeless people
• Young mothers ended up in crises ward
• Long-term unemployed
• Prostitutes
It is important to examine the side of helpers for the aim of looking at the functioning of institutions, and find out more about the assistant-client relationship. We have tried to find a helping institution to each of the groups lagging behind, and the colleagues of the institutions have been interviewed. We have failed to find a suitable support institution that would specifically be focused to the actual problems of the group in the illegal labour market.
The network of marginalized young people plays an essential role in shaping their walk of life and their access to support systems. We have been seeking answers to such questions as what networks belong to these diversified lives and lifestyles, what role of social capital had in shaping the lives of the interviewed persons.
In case of questions about to the relationship to support services, the focus of the survey was primarily to find out whether these marginalizing young people get in touch with the appropriate institutions, and which factors may have influence on their access. In case of support services which are based on voluntary participation, the main obstacles are the lack of an agency. The main characteristic when describing marginalizing young people is in the supply forms in which entry is not voluntary (such as state custody) there is a totally different kind of client-supporter relationship, and due to the nature of the service, the function it fulfills is also different. Voluntary services however presuppose a positive attitude from the clients, which is in fact missing in case of marginalized young people. Therefore admission is the most crucial point of the services provided.
The turning points in life do not only involve the "traditional" turning points which by public consensus characterize our life (such as school, marriage, children, etc.), but some less usual points also belong here that may bear particularly importance. Typically, such a turning point is the death of a parent or entering state custody. These events count to be atypical in a society so there is no established scenario how to live through them, and how to take the next steps forward. In this sense, it is an open-ended scenario where the events following these incidents are unpredictable. In case of the persons interviewed, the drift towards the edge of the society begins at these points. It is not necessary, however, that this should happen. A number of factors have an influence on the lives of these people, who are in these situations. An appropriate basis for intervention can be developed from these factors.
In case of the interviewed people who mentioned drug use to be problematic for them, the usage of drugs actually gave rise to problems: both from the viewpoint of the environment of these people and from their own aspects as well. It was usually also associated with breaking one's career. The causal relationship is difficult to reconstruct (whether the career break occurs because one has started to use drugs, or the suffered setbacks in the career path were followed by a more intensive drug usage). The problematic drug usage had an adverse effect throughout the life of the interviewees, it negatively affected all aspects of their lives, in most cases there was no help, or it was not effective. This shows that these cases we can indeed talk about hidden drug usage. The occasional, recreational drug usage lies in the background of the interviews just like the regular, or more serious, but not very extreme, alcohol usage is there.
The social exclusion, as a many sided phenomenon, covers a specific geographical area where young people experience different careers simultaneously and under various configurations. Carriers connected to work, school, family, and housing get combined. In opposition to the 'underclass' theories, one of the most important differences is that the emphasis is on the process during which some young people become excluded, while others do not. The interaction established throughout the time between the structural constraints of society and the individual agency can also be studied, which creates "exclusionary transitions / temporary exclusions". We emphasize the importance of locality, namely that social exclusion problems are associated with spatial patterns. Thus it can also be studied, how socio-economic and cultural factors related to a certain locality influence young people.
Finally, we have proposed forms of assistance which may be effective in our experience to help young people "lagging" behind at certain points within their lives and at turning points in their lives: in the first row, concentrating to the psychosocial support. Certainly, the problems resulted by people marginalizing cannot be solved without significant changes in the society.
Subtask 4
The monitoring and evaluation of comprehensive prevention programs
Participants in the implementation:
• National Institute for Drug Prevention
• Institute of Behavioural Sciences and Communication Theory (Corvinus University).
Goals - expected results
Strategic goals: widely spread the prevention programs which operate at a good level of efficiency.
Medium-term results: operating the accreditation for the operation of prevention programs.
Products: Elaboration of the accreditation criteria that allows the classification of prevention programs and ensures them to be "offered".
Professional content - activities
The following activities are planned throughout the comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the prevention programs:
• Setting up a cadastre about the programs in the fields according to pre-defined criteria :
• for the purposes and philosophy of the programs
• for the objectives to achieve (interpreters and the type of applied methods)
• for the type of target group
• for the information on the scope of the program (for the scale of population actually achieved or planned to be achieved)
Throughout setting up the register, we will use methods such as questionnaires, interview techniques, and documentary analysis.
• The evaluation of the theoretical basis for the programs:
• Theoretical analysis of the validity of goals and philosophies.
• Consistency analysis of the different elements of the programs (objectives, target groups, implementation tools)
Following the classification and evaluation of the programs based on the above detailed aspects, and the establishment of the cadastre, the programs in which a more detailed assessment is made will be chosen. Throughout the selection, the coverage is an important aspect, furthermore, it is also important that as a result of selection such programs shall be chosen for the further research which represent the diversity the programs.
• The assessment of the organizational characteristics of the programs:
• The network schemes of the organizations involved (hierarchical subordination or superiority, market relations, or dependency of any other nature)
• The assessment of the organizational co-operation on the level of the departments (formal, ad hoc relationships)
• Involvement of professional and laymen volunteers on an employment or contractual basis (number, cooperation, direct and indirect relationships, personal dependencies, etc.).
• Functional and dysfunctional elements of the regulatory and financial context
• Acquaintance with the systems of documentation of activities, registration, evaluation, and monitoring.
As a result of this activity the case studies are prepared including aspects of content based on the documentary and field data collection adjusted to organizational sizes (more precisely to the role of the organization assumed in the program).
• Testing the programs in a wider social environment for:
• the relevance of the objectives with regard to the target groups - the assessment of drug usage and protective risk factors with regard to the target groups
• the size of the target group
• the targeted assessment of the wider social environment
the targeted assessment of the wider social environment is based on the targeted secondary analysis of the already existing epidemiological studies, media analysis, and qualitative studies
• conducting preliminary assessments
The preparation of a survey-type interview data gathering is in accordance with the theoretical basis of the program, and in line with the proper dimensions of objectives formulated and undertaken by the representatives of the program. Data gathering is conducted though questionnaires with self-fill method.
• The assessment of the execution of the program:
• The content assessment of implementation
• The assessment of the practical realization of the objectives, and how the principles are respected
• The examination of actually involved interpreters' composition and qualifications
o the assessment of the effectiveness of accessing the target groups:
The above studies are based on observations, on focus group interviews prepared with the target groups, and on media analysis.
• Conduct follow-ups:
The pre- and follow-up assessments are based on the same population and are intended to evaluate the results made by the representatives of the program in accordance with their formulated and undertaken objectives. The questionnaires used in the follow-up assessments contain comprehensive questions about the effectiveness of the program (e.g.: opinion questions, questions about how is one satisfied with the program). The data gathering is conducted with self-fill-in question questionnaires in this case also.
• The assessment of the reception of the program by means of qualitative analysis conducted among the participants
• The summary of the experiences with regard to the evaluation of processes and the results
• The comprehensive assessment of the programs included in the research, through evaluation units based on process- and result-indices.
• The control of process-evaluation methods applied in the research with result-evaluation techniques, and through this the validation of the methods used in Hungary , and the development of methods for the future to be used during the process evaluation.
Results:
The realization of the sub-task entitled as The comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of prevention programs has been completed in accordance with the originally planned time frames. The cadastral systemization of the prevention programs in the school arena has been fulfilled. All of the programs have been evaluated based on the following aspects: the analysis of their organizational, operational conditions, and the identification of such programs which based on the preventive aim setting and the duration, as well as based on the created descriptive features specific to a certain target group got identified, and among which it has been possible to conduct the result analysis in the merits. Furthermore, the theoretical evaluation of all (234) the programs have been carried out with the involvement of independent experts. Practically, this latter step can be regarded as the fundamental activity in the accreditation process.
Resulting from the professional cooperation while fulfilling the aims of the sub-task, the information regarding the prevention programs are available on the website and at the same time the professional information portal operated by the National Institute for Drug Prevention (www.ndi-szip.hu) to all interested parties.
II. Evaluating Summary
The project addressed in the title has proved to be a task calling for extremely complex and complicated activities. All of the sub-tasks required the continuous co-operation of at least two consortium members. During the realization of the project, technical cooperation has proved to be very fruitful and has created the foundations of close co-operations in the future. The smooth implementation has generally been hindered by the temporary scarcity of resources, the timely mobilization of own forces often caused problems, particularly to the National Institute for Drug Prevention leading the consortium, who assumed a greater burden due to its specific nature of its. The austerity measures starting from the beginning of 2004 resulted in the Institute's continuous difficulties in ensuring a smooth cash flow. On the side of the project, the foremost difficulty, however, was the establishment of services to be installed in shopping malls. The shopping malls individually and within their different associations did unanimously recognize the need for such services; however they almost always refused establishing them. From among the two actual locations, the Budapest one has totally refused to consent to disclosing its name publicly.
As an unintended side product of the project it is proved to be the case that dealing with the drug problem – even on the side of assistants! – is a heavily stigmatized activity. We shall conclude that, the recent years' stimulated communication on the drugs problem, has actually lead to rising of feeling endangered instead of increasing social sensitivity for the sake of directing towards solutions.
In general, the project is considered to be successful, and its professionalism and the scientific results reach far more than the boundaries anticipate by the limited financial support. This can also be seen in the published bibliography detailed in the report. The support has created the possibility of an extremely large-scale research and development, which would not have been possible at all with lacking the support offered. This statement is particularly true in the context of the development of the longitudinal examination in Budapest.
III. Significant new results of the project:
• Unique database of some 380 young people, which data become available as the result of the longitudinal examination. To our knowledge, there is only one more of such a database in Europe . Under the frames of the project there was far less than enough opportunity to totally exploit and analyze all the opportunities provided for by the database. Consequently, in the following years to come a number of analytical studies and publications can surface based on the created database. The project's inestimable value is that it enabled data file archiving of the previous survey periods through modern techniques, and assisted to the analysis essentially.
• Now we have gathered reliable information on the young people's (14-34 year old people's) habits of visiting shopping malls and using addictive substances, and other health risking behaviours, that come together with the patterns of regularly visiting shopping malls. Among the unexpected and originally not planned results of the project is that now there is an overall disruption drawn up about the environmental psychology of visiting shopping malls and it we could get familiar, through applying qualitative techniques, with the life aspirations of young people rather frequently visiting shopping malls, with their free time habits, which knowledge provides us with a good indication for what contents of professional counselling centres shall be installed with and what elements of corporate identity shall be taken care of.
• It was also an unexpected result, that during the execution of the project, the advisory services got a very positive reception from the target population. In the end, the two advisory agency set up eventually have surpassed our expectations with regard to the number of attending young people. An unexpected however, adverse experience was the massive resistance that was experienced on the side of the shopping centres' management against the advisory agencies set up. These circumstances have well reflected in fact that the ambitions included in the National Strategy, which was aimed at increasing awareness of the society, was and is far from being fully realized.
• The research and interventions carried out among the groups of young people with unfavourable life conditions made it possible to make these living conditions known for such highly heterogeneous groups and to detect that very specific reality and relationship which exists between them and the specific advisory service providing system, as well as it has given guidance on the necessary services which wait for further development.
• The program, referred to as The comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the prevention programs, has indeed facilitated to make a substantive progress in the prevention programs and also to gain the appropriate accreditation in line with the standards in Europe, and it helped to develop a methodology, which can be used as the basis of evaluation in any other area of the preventive work.
IV. The presentation of the potential uses of the economic and social usability
The results of the project can be interpreted within the following three categories:
• Expanding the knowledge about certain social groups in relation to their lifestyle.
• Increase in the methodological tools used, which methodologies may be applied further in researches or tasks of similar focus and interest in connection with carrying out further research without substantial investment. These methodologies may be well applied in higher education, particularly in drug development, in epidemiological and psychological research.
• Product development , in the field of human services appearing in the world of shopping centres. This development, in the light of the information gathered through different literature sources, is considered to be unique. Advisory services of such nature do not operate in other countries, although the attendance in shopping malls not with the primary objective for what they are created, - as the experimental data have shown – is not a specific phenomenon only within Hungary. Similarly, the methodology is also regarded as an important product of this research which meets stringent requirements, and which has got developed related to the evaluation of the prevention programs. There is a growing interest and need in the spreading of the culture of evaluation both in Hungary and in the world. The methodology developed during the project, independent of the specific content (prevention programs appearing within the school area), can be used in the fields of human services, particularly in the evaluation of preventive interventions and processes.
V. The following issues were published or will be published related to the project
(Works available only in Hungarian are marked by »hun«.)
Bodor, P., Rácz, J. (2004): Heroin users' moral self-interpretation. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. Abstracts 7-9. (hun)
Bodor, P., Rácz, J. (2004): Technical details of sharing and moral accounts of using drug. The state of the art of qualitative social research in Europe . Workshop at Technical University Berlin (organized by: Qualitative Methods, Qualitative Methoden and Interpretative Methods), September 9-10, Berlin .
Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B., Czakó, Á.: Evaluation of Drug Prevention Programs in Hungary . (poster). The 17th Conference of the European Health Psychology Society. September 24-27, 2003. Island of Kos , Greece . Abstracts pp. 138.
Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B.: Drug prevention programmes in Budapest : efficiency monitoring. Health psychology in Hungary : Education, research, cooperation. April 23, 2004, Budapest . Poster. Abstracts, pp. 16. (hun)
Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B., Nádas, E., Nyírády, A., Felvinczi, K., Buda, B.(2004): Theoretical analysis of drug prevention and health promotion programmes. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. (hun)
Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B.: School Based Drug Prevention in Hungary . The 48th International ICAA Conference on Dependences. October 23 – 28, 2005. Budapest , Hungary .
Dúll, A., Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B., Felvinczi, K., Forstner, M. (2004): »The places of hanging out«: environmental psychological analysis of shopping malls from transaction aspects. Biennial Session of Hungarian Psychological Association, May 27-30, 2004. (hun)
Dúll, A., Demetrovics, Zs., Paksi, B., Felvinczi, K., Buda, B.: Shopping malls as the places of hanging out: Contextual analysis of place consumption. Hungarian Psychological Glossary, 2005. (hun)
Füleki, K., Márványkövi, F., Rácz, J. (2004): Narrative analysis of interviews taken with injection drug users. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. Abstracts 27-28. (hun)
Gyarmathy , VA. , Rácz, J., Neaigus, A., Ujhelyi, E. (2004): The urgent need for HIV and hepatitis prevention in drug treatment programs in Hungary . AIDS Education and Prevention: Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, Jun; 16 (3) 276-87.
Marián, A., Balázs, B., Bujdosó, B., Lencse, M., Rácz, J. (2004): Qualitative evaluation of therapies and low-threshold programmes from client views. Addictology (Addictologia Hungarica), 3,2:160-190. (hun)
Márványkövi, F., Füleki, K., Rácz, J. (2004): Analysis of interviews taken with injection drug users. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. Abstract book: 35-36. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs., Forstner, M., Dúll, A., Felvinczi, K.(2004): Drug use among shopping mall visitor young people based on normal population data. Biennial Session of Hungarian Psychological Association, May 27-30, 2004, Debrecen . (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs.: Introduction of »Information Questionnaire« used by national cadastre building. Conference of Prevention Organizations. March 28-29, 2003, Budapest . (hun)
Paksi B., Demetrovics, Zs. (2003): Recognition of prevention programmes. Premises and plans. 3rd »Alarm bell« Conference. Budapest , CEU Residence and Conferences Centre, April 24-26, 2003. Abstracts, pp. 53-54. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs. (2004): Monitoring of prevention programmes. »Pure pleasure« - Anti-Drug Day. Conference on Drug Affairs, Eger , September 23, 2004. ( hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs., Czakó, Á.: Evaluation of school prevention programmes in Budapest . In: Bíró, J. (editor): Drug prevention – Biopolicy. Faculty of Social Sciences, ELTE, Budapest , 2005. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs., Nyírády, A., Nádas, E., Buda, B., Felvinczi, K.: Parameters of Hungarian school drug prevention programmes. Addictology, 2005. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs.: National Drug Prevention Database. CD. L'Harmattan, Budapest , 2005. (hun)
Paksi, B.: Parameters of school prevention programmes in Heves county. Regional Conference on Drug Affairs. »School and drug«, Eger , September 20, 2005. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs., Forstner, M., Dúll, A., Felvinczi, K., Buda, B. (2004): Drug use of shopping mall visitor young people. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs., Nyírády, A., Nádas, E., Buda, B., Felvinczi, K.(2004): Description of school prevention programmes carried out in Hungary . 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. (hun)
Paksi, B., Elekes, Zs. (2004): Drug use in adult population – specially considering young adults living in major cities. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. (hun)
Paksi, B. (2003): Recognition of prevention programmes. Premises, set up and methods of planned research. Symposium of Prevention Organizations, Budapest , March 28-29, 2003. (hun)
Paksi, B., Demetrovics, Zs.: Survey and evaluation of Hungarian drug prevention programmes. (Researches 6.) (hun)
Rácz, J. (2004): Civil provider services' added value to the development of community drug policies in European countries. Addictology (Addictologia Hungarica), 3,3:356-364. (hun)
Rácz, J. (2004): Drug users' curriculum vitae and narratives. 5th National Conference of Hungarian Association on Addictions, Balatonfüred, October 21-23, 2004. Abstracts 51-52. (hun)
Rácz, J. (2004): Qualitative researches among drug users. Lecture on section of »Training of qualitative methods in social science education«Hungarian Sociological Association. Budapest , November 19-20., 2004. (hun)
Rácz, J., Lackó, Zs., Szabó, G.: Peer/companion help (Theories – models 7.) (hun)
Rácz, J., Márványkövi, F., Füleki, K., Komenczi, B.: Slivers. Psychosocial background and helping possibilities. (Researches 11.) (hun)
Rácz, J., Takács, Á. (editors): Drug policy and power practicing. Theoretical frames and perspectives. (Theories – models 4.) (hun)
Links:
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Psychology
http://www.mtapi.hu/
Corvinus University
http://portal.uni-corvinus.hu/?9088
Social Welfare Resource Centre, Budapest
http://www.bszf.hu/
